Two interchangeable concepts.

Forms of human activity and life - education, separated from nature. The individual is part of society. From nature - reasonable forces of public education - the movement of society, regulation, management, conscious will. Laws invented by people and meeting their needs.

Through the activities of people objects that are covered by the practical activities of people become part of the social world. People shape the content and scope of society. Even in a class society where social conflicts arise, there are objective common interests, goals that require joint efforts aimed at maintaining the unity of opposites. The policy is to find them. Separation of functions - society and man. Thanks to modern society, a person is deprived of the need to possess all vital skills, and can develop his specialty. INDIVIDUAL'S DESIRE TO CHANGE SOCIETY - Marx believes that it is possible to find ways and forms in nature.

The duration of the formation of society. Labor, interaction of people, material process - the way to the formation of society. Social relations - industrial, cultural, related. Society and nature - interaction and impact. Global, and now cosmic impact.

Regular development and change is progress. The main trend of society is the effort of the transformative role of people's activities. Improvement of public relations. Increasing the degree of organization of society. Increasing role of public consciousness, political and legal consciousness.

Man - a product of society, a natural being, a subject of culture, a servant of God, a creature of God - is always attached to something greater. The concept of "Man" reflects the generic features, his biological organization, consciousness, language, ability to work. "Individual" - a single representative of humanity. Personality - the unity of public, special (national) and separate. Wholeness is realized in society - it offers the individual communication and action diverse ways of self-realization (communication and action). Social qualities are manifested in communication and action - you can judge the moral character of a person - you will recognize him by the fruits. In general practice, individual personality traits are realized. Society tries to correct the behavior of the individual, to influence. The personality in the process of development passes through the stages of initiation - the system of education, labor, etc. Individual development passes through several ages. biological age. social age. mental age. Society should work on the formation of the conditions for the development of the individual - the general development of criteria, laws, the emergence of ideals, mythologies. Personality models acceptable in a given society (CINEMA).

Your subjective age - your own starting point - to look at yourself with different eyes. Society explores personality in all its diversity of aspects - biology, sociology, psychology.

Personality is the self-consciousness of its will, its consciousness. Personal development program, knowledge of the meaning of life. Focus on self-realization, disclosure of individual abilities. existence of uniqueness. biological originality. The wealth of individuals guarantees the wealth of every society.

Paradox- society requires a certain unification of individuals, equality before the laws, but the very existence of society as a progressive linear mechanism depends on those who stand out. "Hooligans move history."

The combination of impenetrability in the outside world is a guarantor of the preservation of the individual, but also dependence on the social factor. Types of manifestation in the outside world: biological, objective and social. To actively manifest oneself in the outside world is what is required of a person. The activity of social manifestations. Changing roles in an individual's life- image, social behavior, behavior in various situations - transport, family, work.

Individuality - a unique originality of any phenomenon. The highest manifestation of a peculiar personality. Deep knowledge of a person through his individuality - only!! Individuality is the guarantor integrity subject. The difference of one individuality occurs at one level - allocation of a systematizing factor. Identity of a particular individual. Individuality acquires independence primarily due to the role that the individual plays in society.

The concept of individuality reduces the biological factor in a person, his belonging to the generic. Although there is also the concept of biological individuality - appearance, fingerprints.

Image I- formed in the personality. Conscience- a regulating consciousness is formed in relation to the image of I. Moral image of personality. There is a result of work on personality, struggle with oneself. Personality processing. Development of social qualities - ideas, values, interests. Depending on the level of knowledge, the ability to regulate their work, the individual occupies a certain position in society. Activity in social relations - for many it is limited to work. A person is more than a domestic person - a historical person. The concept of worldview. Personality is characterized by complex rich spiritual world. Individually interpreted, saturated with personal emotions,meaningful in dialogue with society. A complex system for processing the outside world. The higher the level of emotionality, creative approach to life, the fuller the world of the individual, the richer her inner world. The inner world of a person is a moral orientation. Human social contribution. The worldviews of individuals become the ideology of society.

There are no prepared and a priori ways of human existence - individuality is looking for its own path, its own religious and career path. This choice reveals the uniqueness of the individual. Individual autonomy. Choosing your path in the twisted infrastructure of today's life is a difficult contest. Modern life, unfortunately, raises the question of a person's right to an individual life, the possibility of a personal life - western business world.

The need for constant change, correction - decision-making - a radical change in oneself. The restructuring of the entire system Finding a new me. But only within the framework of the stability of the individual. Turning points of fate. Sometimes before the turn - the inability to live as before. The need to protect the individual from destruction. Feeling completely lost. But then - finding yourself. Creative creation of a new self. And in this way a person is met with: rapid adaptation, a pattern of overcoming a crisis, or stagnation, stagnation, pessimism, aggression, degradation. Best Personality - ability to adapt, variability in the cycle of social change. To be yourself, you need to change.

The development of personality according to the models developed by the history of mankind. And personal development. stereotypes of behavior. Complex progressive development of personality. From child to perfection. From unimportant to important outcome. Moral maturation - the formation of responsibility, duty, religious beliefs, the development of the principles of society.

In the process of development there is an understanding the meaning of life- a place in life, a personal need, a way of self-expression, claims and needs, a way of professional and moral fulfillment. Horror - the loss of the meaning of life - the disintegration of personality.

Personality: role classification, emotional classification, sensual classification (communicative, ambitious, reflective, heroic, hedonistic, intellectual, aesthetic, romantic, altruistic - the circle of everyday interests is determined, communication style - character warehouse - leading characteristic, character orientation), introverts / extroverts , cycloids ("sadness-gaiety") / schizoids ("excitability-coldness").

Thomas advocates free will and tries to prove that the characteristic feature of man is freedom. In its practical activity, the human personality is guided by judgments arising from the intellect, thanks to which it can produce choice. Those. he proclaims primacy of intellect over will. But Aquinas admits that sometimes the will can perform the function of a producing cause in relation to the intellect, prompting it to knowledge. Free will, rooted in the intellect, enables a person to act in accordance with moral virtues, since he has the ability to choose between good and bad. But free will exists only when it is supported by God. Thus, the creator, and not the person, causes the desire to do this, and not otherwise.

For the purpose of self-preservation, the cult of ancestors, family, religion, burial, totem was created. The concept of immoral is being formed - that which is outside the cult, outside the laws of the cult. Something that doesn't match the past. Insulting - for the elderly, for the elders. Alcibiades. To ingratiate himself with magical power is the religiosity of art. The cult is without a doubt the core of the life of the primitive tribes. Connection with religious life, with everyday life, with everyday motives. The sacred beginning of culture - there are theories of the return of this feeling. Modernity is the oscillation of culture from minimization and maximization. Every aspect of the cult is echoed in today's cultural functions: religion - the rudiments of art - sexual culture. Rite is the rudiments of social life, initiation into social life. Civilization is a culture of skill, technology; culture, art - culture of education.

Culture is something everyday that has become a custom, a tradition. Necessarily for all civilized of people. There is no arbitrariness in the cult - this is the only non-spontaneous and structured, standardized formation of primitiveness. What is passed from mouth to mouth - priests, clans, non-written culture, the sacred word. That which is not pronounced is the name of God. Expression of the collective will. Public good, value. Regulation of social, family and work life. Civilized, educated people - priests, Levites, priests. Implementation of prescriptions- the concept of a deity, a higher mind. GOAL-SETTING - culture, philosophy of life. Rite - there is an explanation of the purpose of life. educational function. Joint empathy by the participants of one phenomenon - catholicity arts, theatre. Involvement in the community - a rite DEDICATIONS, others do not know, others are uncultured. Activating social memory.

The need of the genus to record the experience of social life- transfer knowledge from generation to generation. Growing importance of the sphere of citizenship. Rite - method improvement.

Individualization of people's lives, the growth of initiative and ingenuity. individuality in society. Personality Meaning rises with an increase in the content of cultural and historical life.

Culture is the world of social psychology (a set of emotional states, experiences and rituals, worldviews, rituals, traditions). - replacement of the religious dogmatic set of cults. Rituals accepted in society, labor relations. Attachment to a certain way of life and social-economy standards. behavior in a social group. Emotional relationships with other groups. Different societies - different behavior. Principles of behavior accepted among like-minded people. Also classes.

Aristotle called man a political animal, that is, living in the state (politics), in society.

Ferguson wrote that “Humanity must be considered in the groups in which it has always existed. The history of an individual person is only a single manifestation of the feelings and thoughts acquired by him in connection with his family, and every study related to this subject must proceed from entire societies, not individuals" - positivism

Human rights - tolerance, mutual respect. Social opportunities. Inclusion in social life is the path of America and Europe. Attraction of asocials to sociality. Openness of classes. Mass society - public resources. The foundations of social psychology originated in a cult, ritual. The incorporation of individual experiences into social forms was what the cult demanded. Thus a kind of sociology took place, the transfer of subjective sensations into social forms.

Bacon resolutely affirmed the primacy and greatness of the public good over the individual, active life over the contemplative, self-improvement of the individual over self-satisfaction. After all, no matter how dispassionate contemplation, spiritual serenity, complacency, self-restraint, or the desire for individual pleasure adorn a person’s personal life, they do not stand up to criticism, if only to approach this life from the point of view of their criteria. public purpose. And then it will turn out that all these “soul-harmonizing” benefits are nothing more than means of a cowardly escape from life with its worries, temptations and antagonisms and that they can in no way serve as the basis for that genuine mental health, activity and courage that allow you to withstand the blows of fate. to overcome life's difficulties and, fulfilling one's duty, to act fully and socially significant in this world.

And here it is important to note the importance that Bacon attached to altruistic principle in man: good deeds bind people more closely than duty.

Social forms are based on biological ones, and they must remain so.

A number of innate drives, nature - and any psychology takes this into account (but there are Puritan societies). These inclinations are also manifested in group behavior (herd instinct, maniacs, riots, panics, rallies, anarchy, lynching). Awakening of the mass unconscious in society. Waiting for the end of the world, the coming of the Antichrist. Love for the native land is mass heroism (and these are already social instincts). There are also cultural instincts. Culture constantly breeds instincts adequate to the times. Fear of the head - purchases. Self-preservation - national conflicts. Instincts - Class struggle, class solidarity, elitist solidarity, caste hostility towards superiors and inferiors, class isolation, snobbery, hatred of culture, etc. Fetishization of society - knights, people of culture, etc. The interweaving of rational and irrational large masses of people.

Social consciousness is expressed in such things: science, art, law, religion, morality, law, philosophy. Institutions corresponding to these foundations of civilization. War of ideas. The world of values ​​is constantly updated. Motives of behavior - spiritual criteria, duties, prescriptions. Duty.

Social ideals are being formed that are not familiar to the lower levels of civilization - charity, patriotism, religious tolerance, the President, the Government, unemployment benefits, global humanism, Gandhism, etc.

The system of universal values. Democratic society. Association of countries, economic unions. Dialogue of cultures. Cultural norms of the nation, religion.

Jung - the term "collective-unconscious", "image of the soul", "ego" / integration of I, "masks", "shadows" /. "Mask" - a social role. "Shadow" - the dark side of the soul. "The image of the soul" - connects consciousness and besso in dreams, daydreams. Archetypes.

The process of becoming a personality is the integration of archetypes, the struggle with small personalities. Schizophrenia is a split personality. Non-violence in education - archetypal correspondences must not be violated.

Hypnosis, meditation - loss of connection with the world and its correction.

Fromm - along with sexual complexes - there are also social complexes, aggression, destructiveness. Conflict with society - childhood. It takes place in the dehumanization of the personality, aggression, depersonalization. Interpersonal communication.

War of all against all /Hobbes/. According to Hobbes, this rule becomes natural law, based on reason, by which each ascribes to himself abstention from everything that, in his opinion, may be harmful to him.

Society is the overcoming of biological hatred towards society.

How Society Changes the Personality - The Beginning of Social Consciousness - and the Birth of the Personality in Greece. Problems of personal consciousness and personal destiny (Oedipus) - public consciousness arises when society becomes a totality of personality. Religion is changing - as a result, forms of individualistic faith appear - Dionysianism, Christianity.

Starting a discussion about relationship between the individual and society, it must be borne in mind that historically there have always been specific societies with specific types of personalities. But in these specific societies and specific types of individuals there were some common features, which allows us to raise the question of the relationship between the individual and society in a general way. Further, it should not be presented in such a way that at first there were separate people, and then they united in society. Even Aristotle wrote that man is originally a “social animal”.

Society is a stable system of relationships between people. Society as a system of relationships between people has an impact on individuals as its elements. Sociologists point to two ways society influences the individual:

Specially organized influence on the individual through education, propaganda, etc.;

Impact on a person through the restructuring of its microenvironment, living conditions.

Man is a product of the times and circumstances in which he lives. Views, ideas are generally determined by society; a person thinks as the “spirit of the times” forces him to think. With a change in the social system, the position of the individual, his interests and needs change.

The relationship between the individual and society is, first of all, the relationship of interests. The public interest expresses what society as a whole is interested in (development of the economy, means of communication, environmental protection, etc.). The public interest also includes the interests of social groups in a given society. Personal interests express the needs of an individual related to the provision of his material needs and spiritual needs.

There are various concepts regarding the correlation of public and private interests. One of them gives priority to the interests of the individual. This concept was specified, for example, in the requirement freedom of private enterprise, non-intervention of the state in the affairs of entrepreneurs. The concept of the priority of the interests of the individual sometimes develops into the concept absolute freedom of the individual. But if you look at the real state of affairs, because a person cannot be independent of the environment, both social and natural. In addition, if one individual could become absolutely free, this would mean the unfreedom of others. Although there can be no absolute freedom of the individual, people are vitally interested in increasing the degree of freedom, liberation from oppression, exploitation, and violence.

Another concept claims priority of public interests over private(for example, the concept of "natural morality" by F. Bacon).

And finally, the third concept states the need to combine public and private interests into a kind of harmonious unity. At the same time, of course, it must be taken into account that it is impossible to achieve a complete coincidence of personal and social needs and interests. The interests of people here must be considered in relation to the main features of the way of life of their social environment.

In our country, the idea of ​​a harmonious combination of public and private interests was officially promoted; Mutual assistance and mutual responsibility, an increase in the socio-political activity of people, etc. were considered the ideal way of life. individualism". The interests of the state were put in the first place, but in fact, behind the “nationwide”, state interests, the interests of a certain social group, the leading link of the party-state bureaucracy, were hidden.

The founders of dialectical materialist philosophy claimed concept of humanism. Humanism in a broad sense means the assertion of a person's right to freedom, happiness, the development of one's abilities, equality, and social justice. The good of man is the criterion for evaluating any social action and institutions.

Today we have two tasks. The first is to restore the true meaning of public interests, without identifying them with the state and the interests of some individual groups. The second is the development of the individual, his initiative, originality, etc. The implementation of these tasks is not an easy task, which involves such a democratization of society, from which we are still quite far away.

When analyzing the problem of the relationship between the individual and society, attention is drawn to the phenomenon called alienation.

37. Personality and society, their interaction

The concept of personality is the main characteristic of the human individual. A born person throughout his life socializes, appropriating the social - this is possible only in communication, in the process of assimilation of culture. Socialization depends on the environment, the influence of the era, the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, so there are no 2 identical personalities. The degree of appropriation of the social is different for everyone. The process of appropriation is faster in childhood, but continues throughout life. Personality is the unity of the general, special, individual. Personality is formed under the influence of the material, social, political, spiritual life of society. Each stage has its own personality type.

Personality types: active and passive; personality focused on intensive and extensive development; creative personality type; egocentric personality type; western or business; eastern (reflexive). The process of formation occurs under the influence of the environment. The objective conditions for the formation of personality also include material factors of the social environment - these are working conditions, everyday life, household items, certain instincts, channels and means of transmitting information, transport, clubs. A person is practically never included in one environment. The plurality of environments suggests that a person can perform various functions, depending on the social environment in which he is located. A person can have relative independence. An individual deserves the right to be called a personality only when he is more clearly aware of the motives of his behavior.

38. Person, individual, personality

An individual (atom) - indivisible, one, - a person as part of a collective, the totality of the human race.

Currently, there are 2 concepts of personality: 1) personality as a functional (role) characteristic of a person and 2) personality as its essential characteristic.

The first concept is based on the concept of the social role of a person. This concept, however, does not allow revealing the inner world of the person, fixing only his external behavior, the cat does not always reflect the essence of the person. The second - the Essential concept yavl deeper. Personality is an individual expression of the general relations and functions of people, the subject of knowledge and transformation of the world, rights and obligations, ethical, aesthetic and all other social norms. A person is always a socially developed person. The main resulting property of the personality is the worldview. Man asks himself: who am I? why am I? what is the meaning of my life? Only having developed one or another worldview, a person, self-determining in life, gets the opportunity to act consciously, purposefully, realizing his essence. Character means willpower. Thus, personality is a measure of the integrity of a person, without internal integrity there is no personality.

Each person is biologically unique. Each individual person always has something of their own.

Necessity and freedom. People have significant freedom in determining the goals of their activities, the means to achieve this goal. Freedom, therefore, is not absolute and is put into practice as an exercise of opportunity by choosing a specific goal and plan of action. Free will is the ability of a person to make decisions and perform actions in accordance with his interests, goals, assessments and ideals, which is expressed in his electoral activity. That. every action of a person is an alloy of free and necessary. => The freedom of the individual, the society lies in the ability to choose, make decisions.

On the one hand, free is present as needed, i.e. Necessity is realized only through freedom, in the form of an endless chain of choice in people's activities. On the other hand, it is necessary to contain the freedom in the form of objectively given historical circumstances, the object of the conditions of people's actions. Freedom is a conscious necessity.

39. Science in the system of spiritual culture of society

The history of the relationship between philosophy and science was not unambiguous, and nevertheless, there are the following stages of their relationship:

Syncretic, i.e. indistinguishable, the unity of science and philosophy. They do not differ in subject matter, method, or results achieved (6th century BC - 17th century AD).

The beginning of the difference between the subject area of ​​philosophy and science. The idea that philosophy should be engaged in the education of man, and the study of nature should be left to science (17-19 centuries)

A variety of suggestions about what philosophy should do:

a) f-ia should give a single picture of the world, based on the latest achievements of natural science;

b) function must represent a person in all its diversity of manifestations;

c) f-ia is a theory of knowledge, a theory of scientific knowledge, a theory of science;

d) function can be a preliminary study, research, formulation of problems in the study of any phenomenon (19-20 centuries).

Today, there is a shared opinion that science prefers to tackle any problem that can be verified experimentally. Otherwise, the problems are called unscientific, and in this capacity they remain under consideration by the f-ii. In the Soviet period, such problems were called ideological.

Now f-ia provides sciences with diverse assistance:

1) Helps to form new subject areas of scientific research.

2) Helps to form explanatory principles and ideas, comprehend and analyze the resulting contradictions.

3) Helps to critically comprehend the results obtained.

4) Systematizes scientific knowledge, helps the sciences to determine their position in the knowledge of the world, establish contacts and interactions.

5) Provides procedures for the dissemination of knowledge, creates conditions for the understanding of new theories, concepts, ideas, and this is the cultural function of f-ii.

6) Helps to assess the social significance of scientific results.

40. Laws of Dialectics

1. the law of unity and struggle of opposites;

The law of unity and struggle of opposites is revealed through the categories: opposition, contradiction, identity, difference.

Opposite - features, sides, signs of an object that are fundamentally different from each other and at the same time cannot exist. without each other, complement each other (day and night, good and evil, up and down).

“Contradiction is an impulse, an impetus to change and develop the subject.

There are different types of contradictions:

1. Antagonistic and non-antagonistic.

Antagonistic - these are contradictions that exist. between classes, groups, layers, whose interests are different, mutually exclusive.

Non-antagonistic - contradictions opposite to antagonistic ones. This type of contradiction is typical only for society.

2. Internal and external.

Internal - contradictions between opposite sides of the subject (eg between production and consumption).

External - contradictions between a given phenomenon and other phenomena (eg, between society and nature, a living organism and the external environment).

3. Basic and non-basic.

Basic - contradictions between the leading (main) sides of the subject.

Minor - contradictions between other aspects of the subject.

The essence of the law. Any object has: opposites, which in the process of interaction lead to a contradiction. The contradiction gives impetus to the change and development of the subject.

2. the law of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones and vice versa

Any object and phenomenon has both quantity and quality.

Quality -

1. property of an object - such features and characteristics of an object that characterize its ability to interact with other objects.

2. the structure of the object, what the object consists of, what elements

3. the functions of the object, i.e. what the object is intended for.

4. place of the object, i.e. whether it is the starting point or its result, whether it is in a developed or undeveloped state.

Any phenomenon has both quantitative and qualitative indicators. Their connection is manifested in the fact that quantitative changes do not lead to qualitative ones up to a certain point, which is a measure.

The essence of the law. It manifests itself in the fact that quantitative changes lead to qualitative changes upon reaching a certain point, and qualitative changes lead to certain quantitative changes. This law shows the mechanism of development of the subject.

3. law of negation of negation

Each phenomenon, object, changing, has a definite starting point and result. The result of this process is the starting point of the further process, which also has a certain result. This happens in society, nature and thinking. Some phenomena die off, go into the past, others take their place.

Negation is such a connection between the old and the new in the process of development, when the new arises on the basis of the old under the influence of its inherent internal contradictions, overcomes it and at the same time retains, to one degree or another, some positive features inherent in the old.

The essence of the law. The law of negation of negation shows the connection between the old and the new in the process of development, which consists in the fact that the new quality discards the old and at the same time includes, in a transformed form, some features, aspects of the old. This law is contradictory in nature, shows the direction of development of the subject (phenomenon).

Personality and Society

1. Personality and society

1.1 Personality as a social projection of a person

1.2 Historical personality types

1.3 Ways of human existence

List of sources used

1. Personality and society

1.1. Personality as a social projection of a person

In primitive society, due to the indivisibility of social functions, an individual could not become a full-fledged personality. The further development of society led to the fact that a person more and more stood out from the direct merging with the family and with nature, carried out diverse social functions and thereby developed personal civic qualities in himself.

Social history appears as a phase transition with fluctuations of various amplitudes of impact on the local aspects of social life. In this transition, the process of becoming a person is:

a) the moment of universality of the forms of movement;

b) manifestation of the deployment of the phenomenon of a living being, the ability to reflect at the level of consciousness;

c) expression of the quality of the object-subject of the social form of the movement of matter, which includes spirituality.

So, the personality is considered in the system of interaction of natural and social forms of the movement of matter, is formed under the influence of the social environment, as well as the person's own efforts.

Each society forms its own type of personality, acting in certain socio-economic, socio-cultural and psychological situations. In the primitive unstructured system, people lived off the extraction of livelihoods, were merged with nature and absorbed by the community. However, even then there was no complete homogeneity: leaders, elders, etc. stood out. In antagonistic societies, a gap arises between natural conditions, the conditions of production and the existence of people, and the isolation of the individual from nature and from other people increases. The formation of private interests and private property, at the same time, gave rise to a complex structured society and contributed to the formation of a full-fledged personality. P. Golbach, N.A. Berdyaev, I.A. Ilyin saw the connection of private property with human nature, with the principle of personality. In addition to its positive role in the life of society, especially in the formation of personality, private property leads to coarsening of incentives for activity when morality is identified with pragmatism.

The formation of civil society also contributed to the development of the individual. English and French materialists of the 18th century. in civil society they saw a set of social relations, an environment in which the activities of individuals with natural rights, sovereignty, inviolable privacy and realizing their interests unfold. At present, civil society usually means a society of its free members in the form of voluntary associations of citizens, with a high level of economic, social, spiritual and moral indicators, which, together with the state, implement developed legal relations.

The impact of typical causes that determine the role of the individual is denoted by the term "situation factor".

K. Jaspers under the situation means events that set the historical uniqueness of a certain human destiny, shaping its joys and hopes, as well as pain points. The situation characterizes not so much natural-regular, but to a greater extent semantic reality, which brings benefit or harm to the empirical existence of a particular individual, opens up opportunities or puts up barriers. The philosopher singled out situations that are universal, typical, and situations that are historically specific, one-off. In a broader sense of the word, the “situation factor” consists of the features of the environment in which the person operates (environmental environment, social system, the nature of traditions, features of civilizational-formational time, etc.), the state in which society is at a certain moment (stable, unstable, ascending, descending, etc.). Of course, the features of the personality itself, functioning in a certain situation, matter. After all, each person lives in the world of his own psychic reality, relatively independent of the environment. In a situation, a person realizes his greatness and at the same time his limitations, recognizes the presence of other selves and the need for dialogue with them.

There are various variations in human behavior.

In the weathervane-adaptive scenario, a person thinks and acts unprincipled, voluntarily obeying circumstances, social fashion. When the situation and power change, the opportunist is potentially ready to change his views and serve a new "idol-god", a different doctrine.

In the conservative-traditionalist version, an individual with insufficient creative potential is not able to flexibly respond to changing circumstances and is captive to the old dogmas, stubbornly holding on to outdated "principles".

This position cannot be identified with personality-independent behavior (third option). I. Kant grasped the virtues of a person's autonomous behavior, free from addictions and transient circumstances, but at the same time underestimated the objective conditionality of a person's actions.

When analyzing the fourth option, we proceed from the fact that in the process of anthroposociogenesis, stability (expressed through the worldview "core", beliefs) and flexibility (the ability to respond to new things, correct one's beliefs within a certain range) are formed in a person. At the same time, a person retains integrity in the most important worldview issues, without betraying his inner self, and at the same time creatively responds to the realities of life.

The relationship between the individual and the social environment ideally fits into the formula: search (of the individual) - proposals (of the society) - choice (of the individual from the proposed by society). The autonomy and responsibility of the individual are manifested both in the process of comprehending her proposals (“social orders”), conditions, requirements imposed by society (every person understands these requests, requirements subjectively, selectively, in accordance with his ideas about the proper, valuable, good), and and in the course of her social roles. In general, the personality is an individual projection of society, and the adaptation of the personality to the environment and its active influence on the environment act as a moment of self-realization of the personality.

Personality is a concept that reflects the social nature of a person, considering him as a carrier of an individual principle (interests, abilities, aspirations, self-knowledge, etc.), self-revealing in social relations, communication and objective activity. The acquisition of social traits by a person (in the course of socialization, the performance of socially significant functions under the influence of the social environment) occurs on the basis of his biopsychological inclinations. Therefore, heredity plays a certain role in the formation of personality.

A person is not born as a person, but becomes one in the process of socialization. Socialization is understood as: a) development by a person of a system of social norms and values, social needs; b) the real inclusion of the individual in public life, the process of endowing people with social properties. “Socialization, according to K. Marx, is not a mechanical imposition of a finished social form on an individual. The individual acting as an object of socialization is at the same time the subject of social activity, the creator of social forms. The socialization of a person is, first of all, internal self-deepening, a dialogue of a person with himself ("I - I"), which forms self-consciousness. The relations “I - you”, “I - we”, “I - humanity”, “I am nature”, “I am the second nature”, “I am the universe” form moral feelings (love, friendship, hatred, etc. .), various value systems, ideas of national, class, state pride, group solidarity, social justice, socio-philosophical, historical, environmental, futurological and other reflections, atheistic and religious reasoning about the meaning of life and death, ideas about a responsible attitude towards oneself and everything around, in general, determine the norms of behavior and activities of people.

Socialization is carried out not only in the context of communication (in the form of imitation, learning, etc.), but also indirectly, through the elements of culture (language, myth, art, religion, etc.). It acts as the most important mechanism for the reproduction of the subject of the socio-historical process, ensures continuity in the development of culture and civilization, maintains a relatively conflict-free existence of society through the adaptation of the individual to the environment and the introduction of generally valid norms of legitimate behavior into the content of his consciousness.

The most important forms of socialization are: customs, traditions, state-legal norms, language. Through these forms, education, training and human activities are carried out. Personality is manifested through properties: the ability to work, consciousness and language, freedom and responsibility, orientation and originality, character and temperament.

Individual development of personality is not infinite, it is ascending-descending. Biological development is measured by the state of metabolism and body functions. Social age is determined by the level of social development, depends on the individual's mastery of a set of social roles, on the subjective internal idea of ​​the individual about the degree of his development. Mental development is determined by the level of mental, emotional, etc. personal development (for example, A. Schopenhauer believed that the intellect, having reached its climax, is on the wane). A person is not only able to acquire personality traits, but also to lose them.

What is a personality? What are its differences from a natural individual? What is the degree of influence of society on the behavior of the individual? Or is social behavior determined by internal structures (motives, beliefs)? These questions have long been of concern not only to scientists, but to all people.

The American sociologist F. Zimbardo conducted the so-called "prison experiment". He selected several student volunteers and took them outside the city at night to a specially equipped building that imitated a prison. Obviously, he needed an unexpected relocation for the purity of the experiment: entering the roles of "jailers" and "prisoners" had to be such that the participants in the experiment renounced their former roles as much as possible. The jailers studied the instructions. They were given a directive: "Maintain order and seek obedience." All participants in the experiment were dressed either in the uniform of guards or in the costumes of prisoners.

At first, when entering the roles, students allowed violation of instructions, familiarity. But then, solving the problem of maintaining proper order, the "jailers" became more and more demanding, forgetting their former roles of student colleagues. This led to a violent reaction from the "prisoners". They protested, expressed disobedience, one of the "prisoners" threw a plate of pasta in the face of his "tyrant". The “guards” responded with violence and prohibitions: they refused to smoke, interfered in conversations during meetings, put on handcuffs.

The violence went so far that Zimbardo had to stop the experiment on the sixth day, although it was planned for two weeks. When, after the experiment, the student-participants described their feelings and experiences, they all noted that they had previously generally denied violence.

As a result of the experiment, Zimbardo concluded that human social behavior is much more dependent on external social forces (stimuli) than on the internal qualities of the individual (and the motives arising from them).

4.1. The concepts of "individual" and "personality". Personality formation

At the time of birth, a person does not yet possess the full sum of human qualities. He comes into the world as an individual, that is, a single natural being, a representative of the species Homo sapiens. It is a product of a long evolutionary development, a carrier of individual peculiar features. This concept is more biological, natural than social. It does not include the specific features of the human society in which the individual is to live.

At the same time, the concept of "individual" includes the inclinations of mental qualities, or the mental properties of a person, which, developing, create a person's personality.

How is a person formed from an individual? How do those inclinations of mental and social qualities that are transmitted to each of us at the gene level mature into personality traits?

The literature describes many cases when young children fell into the animal world and were deprived of human communication. Everyone knows the example of Mowgli. In all such cases, the patterns of development of the human individual were preserved. In 1991, in Tajikistan, a young man was beaten off from a pack of wolves, who spent several years with these animals. He was well physically developed, dexterous, had strong teeth, knew how to growl menacingly, jump, etc. But he could not learn to hold a pencil in his hands, write and read, express his thoughts aloud (he learned to speak separate words). He was unable to master any profession.

Consequently, the environment plays a decisive role in the formation of personality, namely the society in which a person lives.

> Personality is a representative of society, a product of socially conditioned individual development, a bearer of social properties. Personality is an individual included in the system of social relations

> Individuality - this is a characteristic of uniqueness, originality, originality. This is a set of traits inherent only in this individual.

Personality is the subject of study of a number of humanities: physiology, philosophy, psychology, sociology, etc.

Philosophy considers a person from the point of view of her worldview, as a subject of knowledge of the world. Psychology studies personality as a more or less stable integrity of mental properties, processes and states, which determines human behavior.

The sociological approach is to determine the social properties, social qualities of the individual, that is, those that are formed under the influence of the immediate environment and the whole society as a whole. It is these qualities that largely determine the social behavior of a person.

Thus, the process of personality formation has two sides.

The inner side implies the development in a person of mental properties (orientation, temperament, character, abilities) and mental processes (sensation, perception, representation, memory, attention, thinking, imagination, will, emotions and feelings), the emergence of mental formations (knowledge, skills and skills). This side of the process of personality formation is the subject of study of psychology.

The external side of the process of personality formation is the answer to the question: “To what extent are these mental (and physiological) processes influenced by the society in which a person lives?”

The personality as an object of social relations, being formed, absorbs these relations, learns to play certain roles, learns the values ​​and norms of society, patterns of behavior. All this leaves an imprint on those physiological and mental processes that form a personality.

A person as a subject of social relations has a certain independence, autonomy from society, which makes it possible to feel not only a part of a single social whole, but also to oppose oneself to society. The autonomy of the individual is associated with the ability to manage oneself; presupposes the existence of self-consciousness, that is, not just the consciousness of thinking and will, but the ability to introspection, self-esteem, self-control.

There are different views on the timing of personality formation.

From the point of view of supporters of the heterochronic approach, the pace of development is not the same for different personalities, people reach maturity at different ages. But the end result and maturity criteria are the same for everyone.

Proponents of the homochronous approach argue that the period of personality formation is strictly limited by chronological age: what is missed in childhood cannot be made up. Consequently, individual personality traits can be predicted already in late childhood.

There are also views that affirm the principle of heterochrony, i.e., the different duration of the formation of each personality, but deny the possibility of predicting in advance the result of personality development, since “dormant”, “delayed” qualities inherent in the genetic nature of a person and shaped by his social environment can manifest itself in a given period in certain social, age and other conditions.

In human society, there are many people who partially or completely fall out of its influence, who did not receive its developing impulses in the process of their formation. As a result, the underdevelopment of the corresponding personal qualities. The inability to think logically or abstractly, lack of imagination, lack of interest in culture mean that this person did not have sufficient children's and adult environment in childhood, that the child did not finish playing with peers, did not receive the required answers from adults.

In the case of an insufficient level of communication, underloading of the processes of memory, thinking, will, lack of emotional and sensory manifestations, a process can be observed that is the opposite of development, formation - degradation of the personality.

From a lack, a chronic lack of mental, logical activity, mental degradation can develop.

Even worse is the moral degradation - the lack of moral guidelines, the lack of a sense of compassion.

That is why the development of violence is so dangerous for society. During wars, when a lot of people get used to violence, blood and the sight of corpses, when the threshold of sensitivity to suffering decreases, the moral degradation of society develops. It is very difficult to overcome the moral degradation of society. A whole range of measures is needed to rehabilitate people who have engaged in and suffered violence, improve social living conditions, develop education, culture, improve the system of educating the younger generation, and general humanization of relations.

The formation of personality, according to the American sociologist George Mead, begins with the birth of a child and goes through three stages.

Stage of imitation (imitation). At this stage, children copy adult behavior without necessarily understanding it, often unconsciously. At this stage (up to one and a half to two years), they strive to do what and how his mother, father, older brothers and sisters do. Therefore, they prefer not to use toys, but real objects: stir soup in a saucepan with a spoon (like mom), call the phone (like dad), refuse to eat porridge (like an older sister). Imitation as social imitation exists not only in childhood, but also in adults.

game stage. During this period, the child's abstract ideas have developed so much that he can replace real objects with toys. Children begin to try on certain roles (dad, astronaut, military). Therefore, J. Mead also called this stage the stage of role-playing games.

Stage of collective games. The child learns to recognize the expectations of others. For example, playing football and receiving the ball, the boy can go to the stroke, give a pass, hit the goal - all actions correspond to the role of the attacker. The choice of a certain action is completely social: the child proceeds from his position and the game situation (the position of partners, opponents, etc.). The structure of the formed personality (according to J. Mead) consists of two components: “I am myself” and “I am me”. “I am myself” is the response of the individual to other people and society as a whole. “I - me” is an object of self-consciousness, self-understanding, reflection on the assessments of others.

The American sociologist Charles Cooley believed that a person is a product of social interactions - interactions (the concept of a mirror "I"). A person's ideas about himself (and this, according to Ch. Cooley, is the structure of personality) are formed in the process of interaction with other people. A person cognizes himself (self-consciousness. - B.I.), imagining what others think about him, i.e. in interactions, a person is, as it were, reflected in other people’s ideas about him as in mirrors, creates his own mirror “I”, which consists of three elements:

idea of ​​how others see me;

an idea of ​​how others evaluate me;

the feeling of "I" as a response to the representation of the assessment of me.

According to Sigmund Freud, a person is always in conflict with society and his biological impulses are contrary to social norms. It is in the constant struggle with natural instincts, with social control that the personality structure is formed, which consists of three components:

Id ("It") - is a source of internal, mainly sexual, energy that gives rise to the desire for pleasure. When it is released, internal tension is weakened and satisfaction arises. This is the unconscious component of the personality;

The ego (“I”) is a conscious censor that controls the impulses of the unconscious component, individualizing a person’s actions. It develops as the self-awareness of the individual grows;

Superego (“super-I”) is an evaluative component. Its formation replaces the assessments of the parent and others. As the personality develops, the superego included in its structure, as it were, replaces public opinion. In fact, this is the mental component that has developed in the structure of the personality under the influence of social control.

We believe that the personality structure is best reflected by two components: the biophysical "I" and the psychosocial "I", which, in turn, consist of the biological ("bio-I"), physiological ("physio-I"), psychological ( "psycho-I") and social ("socio-I") components (Table 3).

Personality formation is carried out under the influence of social mechanisms of imitation, identification, social and individual control, conformism.

Imitation is the unconscious or conscious desire to copy certain behaviors.

By identification, sociologists understand the way in which an individual learns values ​​and norms. Identity is a sense of individuality of a person or belonging to a group that is different from other groups, or to a society that is different from other societies. People often define identity in terms of social status, nationality, religion, or race. After all, others first identify us by appearance, and only then by the qualities of character.

Social control (shame) - assessment of the actions of the individual, comparing them with the surrounding standards.

Individual control (conscience) is the internal controller of each person (as opposed to shame - an external, public controller).

Table 3 Personality structure

Conformism is understood as the susceptibility of attitudes and behavior of an individual to the action of social forces, group, social pressure. The conformist quickly agrees with the position of the leader (power), changes his behavior.

We examined the action of these mechanisms in the theories of J. Mead, C. Cooley and Z. Freud, their interaction generates and develops the process of personality formation.

Imitation and identification are positive mechanisms that accelerate the process of formation. Social (shame) and internal control (conscience) are negative, restraining mechanisms that act as prohibitions.

So, we found out that, in contrast to the individual as a natural being, individuals act in society, formed as a result of the interaction of natural and social forces.

4.1.1. Personality socialization

The process of formation determines the development of personality under the influence of natural and social forces. But even a mature person is not yet fully prepared to live in society: he does not have education, profession, communication skills; he poorly imagines the structure of society, he is not oriented in social processes.

Simultaneously with the process of personality formation, there is a process of its socialization.

> Socialization is the introduction of a person into society, mastering the skills and habits of social behavior, assimilation of the values ​​and norms of this society.

If the process of formation is especially intensive in childhood and adolescence, then the process of socialization intensifies the more the more actively the individual enters the system of social relations. Children's games, upbringing and training at school and university, mastering a specialty and serving in the army, etc. - all these are external manifestations of the socialization process.

The differences between socialization and formation are as follows:

socialization changes external behavior, and personality formation establishes basic value orientations;

socialization makes it possible to acquire certain skills (communication, professions), and the formation determines the motivation of social behavior;

personality formation creates an internal psychological attitude to a certain type of social action; socialization, by correcting these social actions, makes the whole attitude more flexible.

The process of socialization in Soviet sociology was tied to labor activity, which was understood as work paid by the state. With this approach, three types of socialization are distinguished:

pre-labor (childhood, school, university);

labor (work in production);

post-work (retired).

Such a periodization, which emphasized labor activity, unsatisfactorily revealed the essence of socialization in childhood and inadequately considered the situation of pensioners.

It seems simpler and more convenient to divide the process of socialization into two qualitatively different periods:

primary socialization - the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality;

secondary socialization (resocialization) is the restructuring of an already socially mature personality, usually associated with mastering a profession.

The process of socialization of the individual proceeds on the basis of social contacts, interactions of the individual with other individuals, groups, organizations, institutions. In the process of this interaction, the social mechanisms of imitation and identification, social and individual control, and conformism are triggered. Social, national, professional, moral, racial differences of people leave their mark on them.

Sociological research shows that parents from the middle strata of society are flexible about the power of authority. They teach their children to make sense of the facts and take responsibility for their decisions, and encourage empathy. In families of the lower strata of society, where parents are mainly engaged in physical labor and work under strict control, they inspire children with a willingness to submit to external authority, power. Here, obedience is given more importance than the development of creative abilities.

National differences, national values ​​and norms also have a significant impact on the socialization of the individual.

Consider, for comparison, American and Russian national values ​​(Table 4).

It is clear that, having experienced the same processes of socialization, but absorbing, joining different norms and values, Americans and Russians acquire different personality traits. However, it should be noted the influence of reforms and the general direction of development of Russian society on changing the basic national values ​​and traits of the national character, which originate in the traits of the Russian community in the direction of bringing them closer to the more rational characteristics of developed post-industrial societies.

The main means of socialization that ensure social contact between individuals, an individual and a group, organization are:

values ​​and norms of behavior;

skills;

statuses and roles;

incentives and sanctions.

Let's take a look at these tools.

Language is the main tool of socialization. With its help, a person receives, analyzes, generalizes and transmits information, expresses emotions and feelings, declares his position, point of view, gives assessments.

Values, as we have already found out, are ideal ideas, principles with which a person relates his actions, and norms are social patterns of thinking, behavior, and communication learned by a person.

Skills and abilities are patterns of activity. They play not only a behavioral, but also a didactic (teaching) role in subsequent socialization. The formation of skills and abilities is called socialization for socialization, since the skills and abilities fixed in behavior help to master new skills and abilities faster and more confidently. For example, mastering a computer significantly expands the horizons of a specialist, helps him not only to obtain the necessary information, but also gives him new communication skills in the worldwide electronic network Internet.

To illustrate the sociological term "status", we introduce the concept of "social space", by which we mean the totality of the social positions of a given society, i.e., the entire volume of the so-called "social pyramid". Social space, as we see, does not coincide with the geometric. For example, in geometric space the king and jester are almost always side by side, but in social space they are separated by almost the entire height of the social pyramid.

Social status is the position of the individual in the social space, in the social pyramid, in the social structure of society. Social status is characterized by social position (that is, belonging to a certain class, social stratum, group), position, earnings, respect for other people (prestige), merit, awards, etc.

It should be noted personal status, which is characterized by personal qualities and is more pronounced in a small group.

For example, in any long-established team, especially during off-duty hours, communication takes place on the basis of personal rather than social status, if the differences in positions are small.

One and the same person can have several statuses. For example: engineer, husband, true friend, football fan, etc.

The status acquired from birth is called prescribed status. For example: the son of a big boss.

The position of the individual in the social pyramid, which she has achieved by her own efforts, is called the achieved status.

The behavior of a person associated with his social status, that is, dictated by the position of a person in society, is called a social role.

The totality of all social roles corresponding to all social statuses of an individual is called a role set.

Social roles, all the variety of social behavior of an individual are determined by social status and the values ​​and norms prevailing in society or in a given group (Fig. 3).

Personality behavior

If a person's behavior corresponds to social (group) values ​​and norms, he receives social encouragement (prestige, money, praise, success with women, etc.); if not, social sanctions (fines, condemnation by public opinion, administrative penalties, imprisonment, etc.) (Fig. 3).

With the help of the means of socialization (language, values ​​and norms, skills and abilities, statuses and roles), it becomes possible to constantly interact between individuals, the individual and the institutions of socialization, i.e. those groups that ensure the process of entry of the young generation into society.

Let us consider in more detail the main institutions of socialization.

The family is one of the leading determining agents of socialization. It has a functional impact not only on the formation and socialization, but also on the formation of the entire personality structure. Empirical studies show that in conflict or incomplete families, the percentage of children with deviant behavior is much higher.

Peer group - performs the function of "protection" from seizing the priority of adults in the process of socialization. Provides the emergence of such personality traits as self-reliance, independence, social equality. Allows the socializing personality to show new emotions and feelings that are impossible in the family, new social ties, statuses and roles (leader, equal partner, outcast, marginal, etc.).

The school acts like a society in miniature. It gives new knowledge and socialization skills, develops intelligence, forms values ​​and norms of behavior. In contrast to the family, it allows us to understand the meaning of formal statuses and roles (the teacher as a formal and temporary boss). The school is more authoritarian, routinized. Her social space is impersonal, since teachers, director cannot be as affectionate as parents; besides, any teacher can be replaced by another person.

The mass media form values, images of heroes and anti-heroes, provide patterns of behavior, knowledge about the social structure of society. Act impersonally, formally.

The army carries out specific, secondary socialization (resocialization). Military education enables a young officer to quickly infiltrate the military system. Another thing is those called up for military service. The difference in values ​​and stereotypes of behavior in civilian and military life is manifested sharply and often causes social protest among young soldiers. This is also a kind of institution of socialization, a form of mastering new social norms. It is important that such protests take place at a low level of conflict, do not cause mental shocks in young people. For this, special training is used (pre-conscription fees, a course for a young soldier), and the activities of commanders, military sociologists and psychologists are aimed at this. Old-timers who have undergone secondary socialization are not so much protesting as "trying on" the new roles of "civilian" life.

If the protest takes open forms and acts constantly, this means the so-called unsuccessful socialization.

Sociological studies show that when only authoritarian pressure is used in the process of socialization, calculated on blind obedience, then a person who then finds himself in a non-standard critical situation and finds himself without a boss cannot find the right way out. The result of such a crisis of socialization can be not only failure to complete the task, but also stress, schizophrenia, suicide. The reason for these phenomena lies in simplified ideas about reality, fear and suspicion, lack of empathy (empathy), personality conformism, formed during unsuccessful socialization.

Questions for self-control

How is an individual different from a personality?

What aspects include the process of personality formation?

What does the heterochronous and homochronous approach to personality formation mean?

What is the degradation of the individual, society?

What stages does the process of personality formation according to J. Mead contain?

What is the personality structure according to Ch. Cooley?

How did 3. Freud explain social behavior?

What are the social mechanisms of personality formation?

What is Personal Socialization?

How is socialization different from formation?

What is primary and secondary socialization?

What factors (differences) influence the process of socialization?

List the main means of socialization and give their characteristics.

What is social status? What statuses do you know?

Define a social role.

How and why is the social behavior of the individual regulated?

List and describe the institutions of socialization.

How does social protest arise?

What is unsuccessful socialization?

Literature

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Modern Western Sociology. Dictionary. Moscow, 1990, pp. 162, 316,367–368, 380–383.

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Sociology / Comp. I. L. Yakovlev. SPb., 1993. S. 19–48.

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